Color Zen Textiles

Shoppers looking for their next great outfit make their selections on the basis of color, cut, style, and price. They may not know that dyeing clothes requires massive amounts of water, energy, and chemicals. Those chemicals are released in wastewater from dye houses and textile mills in places such as China, India, and Bangladesh. Reports of rivers with unnatural hues have inspired government crackdowns and sustainability pledges from international apparel brands. But changing this $3 trillion industry will require innovation that can be scaled up and adopted without cost or disruption for manufacturers.

Solid colors can also contribute to a relaxing and zen-like space, which is great for winding down after a long day. The secret to creating a retreat-style bedroom with solid color bedding is to consider the bedding as a monochromatic color scheme. Choose your main color, then layer it with lighter and darker shades of the same color.

Read on to learn about greener ways to color clothes that may soon be available from your favorite retailer. Bleeding and crocking: Two components of colorfastness. Bleeding happens when dye comes off a fabric in contact with liquid. Crocking occurs when a dye on a dry fabric rubs off on another dry fabric.Colorfastness: The ability of a dye to preserve the original color during industrial processing and subsequent customer use.

The American Association of Textile Chemists & Colorists provides several dozen test methods to ensure colorfastness of dye products.Digital textile printing: Directly printing colors and patterns onto fabric using design software, large-format printers, and specialty inks made with pigments or dyes. Digital printing is an alternative to standard screen printing, which uses a constrained color palette and requires separate stencils and production steps for each color.Dye: Soluble chemicals that contain chromophores, or color-containing compounds. Dyes are mixed with other additives in a color solution. They can be derived from natural sources, such as plants, but are more commonly human made. Different classes of dyes are used for different fibers and stages of the textile production process.Direct dye: A class of dye that can be applied directly to cotton or other cellulosic fabrics such as rayon, silk, and wool.

Direct dyes are applied in a neutral or alkaline bath of hot water. They do not require mordant or fixatives for fastness; instead, they attach with hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces. Direct dyes are soluble salts of complex sulfonic acids, including diazo or polyazo chemicals.Disperse dye: A category of nonionic dyes used to color synthetic yarns and fabrics such as polyester. These organic chemicals, mostly monoazo dyes, are nonsoluble and rely on dispersing agents to spread the color molecules in water.Reactive dye: A class of colored synthetic organic chemicals that attach to textile fibers via a chemical reaction that forms a covalent bond. Reactive dyes are the most permanent of all dye types and are the most common type of dye used on cotton and other cellulose fibers.

They are categorized by their functional group, such as dichlorotriazine or vinyl sulfone.Dye exhaustion or dye fixation: The mass of dye taken up by the yarn or fabric divided by the total initial mass of dye in the water bath. Once the dyeing process reaches equilibrium, a portion of the dye remains in the dye bath and becomes part of the dye process wastewater. The exhaustion ratio depends on the quality of the dye and the characteristics of the fiber.Leveling agent: Used in disperse dyeing to regulate or slow the uptake of dye onto synthetic fibers to ensure that the color level is uniform. Leveling agents are often nonionic surfactants that increase the solubility of the dye and slow adsorption.Mordant: Also called a dye fixative, a substance used to chemically bond a dye to natural fibers to ensure fastness. Mordant chemicals include alum, caustic soda, and metal salts. The mordant forms a coordination complex with the dye, increasing its molecular weight and making it insoluble.Pigment: Insoluble materials, usually in powder form, that add color to inks, paints, plastics, cosmetics, and foods.

When used on textiles, they require binders or other additives to attach to the fibers. Rampage knights cheats. Pigments can be derived from minerals but can also be made synthetically.

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Because they are not soluble in water, they can last longer than dyes. To reduce this burden, Huntsman has developed a line of dyes for cotton called Avitera that bonds to the fiber more readily. According to the company, the colors require one-quarter to one-third less water and one-third less energy. Three reactive groups are attached to the dye formula’s chromophore—or color-providing molecule—compared with the one or two reactive groups common for cotton dyes. Thanks to these extra reactive groups, the dye step lasts about four hours, compared with seven hours for conventional dyes. Environmental hitDyeing cotton has more impact than dyeing other fibers.CottonDyeing: Warm temperature, long process time, requires addition of large amounts of salt and alkali fixativesDye fixation: Poor, 75%Washing: Long, energy- and water-intensive process using multiple baths, with at least one at boiling temperaturePolyesterDyeing: Hot temperature, short process time, no fixatives requiredDye fixation: Good, 99% or moreWashing: Shorter process requiring less energy, water, and chemicals than cotton.

Uses alkali and chemical reducing agent.Viscose (rayon)Dyeing: Warm temperature, long process time, requires less salt and alkali than cottonDye fixation: Fair, 85–90%Washing: Similar to cotton but shorter process, possibly due to less unfixed dye to be removedWoolDyeing: Warm temperature, simple processDye fixation: Good, 95% or moreWashing: Generally a relatively simple wash-off procedure.