Babylonian Captivity

.The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile is the period in during which a number of people from the ancient were captives in, the capital of the. After the in 605 BCE, of Babylon besieged, resulting in tribute being paid by King. Jehoiakim refused to pay tribute in Nebuchadnezzar's fourth year, which led to another siege in Nebuchadnezzar's seventh year, culminating with the death of Jehoiakim and the exile to Babylonia of King, his court and many others; Jeconiah's successor and others were exiled in Nebuchadnezzar's eighteenth year; a later deportation occurred in Nebuchadnezzar's twenty-third year.

The dates, numbers of deportations, and numbers of deportees given in the biblical accounts vary. These deportations are dated to 597 BCE for the first, with others dated at 587/586 BCE, and 582/581 BCE respectively.After the fall of Babylon to the Persian king in 539 BCE, exiled Judeans were permitted to.

According to the biblical, construction of the in Jerusalem began around 537 BCE. All these events are considered significant in Jewish history and culture, and had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism.Archaeological studies have revealed that not all of the population of Judah was deported, and that, although was utterly destroyed, other parts of Judah continued to be inhabited during the period of the exile.

The return of the exiles was a gradual process rather than a single event, and many of the deportees or their descendants did not return, becoming the ancestors of the. Contents.Biblical accounts of the exile In the late 7th century BCE, the was a of the empire. Ludo supremo 2. In the last decades of the century, Assyria was overthrown by Babylon, an Assyrian province., fearing the sudden rise of the, seized control of Assyrian territory up to the in Syria, but Babylon counter-attacked. In the process, the king of Judah, was killed in a battle with the Egyptians at the.After the defeat of army by the Babylonians at in 605 BCE, Jehoiakim began paying tribute to of Babylon.

The Babylonian Captivity Foretold - The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah, in the fourth year of King Jehoiakim son of Josiah of Judah (that was the first year of King. The Babylonian Captivity Foretold - The word that came to Jeremiah concerning all the people of Judah, in the fourth year of King Jehoiakim son of.

Some of the young nobility of Judah were taken to Babylon.In the following years, the court of Jerusalem was divided into two parties, one supporting Egypt, the other Babylon. After Nebuchadnezzar was defeated in battle in 601 BCE by Egypt, Judah revolted against Babylon, culminating in a beginning in late 598 BCE., the king of Judah, died during the siege and was succeeded by his son Jehoiachin (also called ) at the age of eighteen. The city fell on 2 (March 16) 597 BCE, and Nebuchadnezzar pillaged Jerusalem and its and took Jeconiah, his court and other prominent citizens (including the prophet ) back to Babylon. Jehoiakim's uncle was appointed king in his place, but the exiles in Babylon continued to consider Jeconiah as their, or rightful ruler.Despite warnings by and others of the pro-Babylonian party, Zedekiah revolted against Babylon and entered into an alliance with Pharaoh. Nebuchadnezzar returned, defeated the Egyptians, and again, resulting in the city's destruction in 587 BCE.

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Nebuchadnezzar destroyed the city wall and the Temple, together with the houses of the most important citizens. Zedekiah and his sons were captured and the sons were executed in front of Zedekiah, who was then blinded and taken to Babylon with many others (Jer 52:10–11). Judah became a Babylonian province, called, putting an end to the independent Kingdom of Judah.

(Because of the, rabbinic sources place the date of the destruction of the First Temple at 3338 (423 BCE) or 3358 (403 BCE)). Illustration from the of the destruction of Jerusalem under the Babylonian ruleThe first governor appointed by Babylon was, a native Judahite; he encouraged the many Jews who had fled to surrounding countries such as, and to return, and he took steps to return the country to prosperity. Some time later, a surviving member of the royal family assassinated Gedaliah and his Babylonian advisors, prompting many refugees to seek safety in Egypt. By the end of the second decade of the 6th century, in addition to those who remained in Judah, there were significant Jewish communities in Babylon and in Egypt; this was the beginning of the later numerous Jewish communities living permanently outside Judah in the.According to the, the Persian ended the exile in 538 BCE, the year after he captured Babylon. The exile ended with the return under the Prince (so-called because he was a descendant of the royal line of ) and Joshua the Priest (a descendant of the line of the former High Priests of the Temple) and their construction of the in the period 521–516 BCE.

Archaeological and other non-Biblical evidence Nebuchadnezzar's siege of Jerusalem, his capture of King Jeconiah, his appointment of Zedekiah in his place, and the plundering of the city in 597 BCE are corroborated by a passage in the:: 293In the seventh year, in the month of Kislev, the king of Akkad mustered his troops, marched to the Hatti-land, and encamped against the City of Judah and on the ninth day of the month of Adar he seized the city and captured the king. He appointed there a king of his own choice and taking heavy tribute brought it back to Babylon., describing ration orders for a captive King of Judah, identified with King Jeconiah, have been discovered during excavations in Babylon, in the royal archives of Nebuchadnezzar. The Flight of the Prisoners.In the Hebrew Bible, the captivity in Babylon is presented as a punishment for idolatry and disobedience to in a similar way to the presentation of Israelite followed by deliverance. The Babylonian Captivity had a number of serious effects on Judaism and Jewish culture. For example, the current was adopted during this period, replacing the.

This period saw the last high-point of in the person of, followed by the emergence of the central role of the in Jewish life. According to many scholars, the Torah was during this time, and began to be for Jews. This period saw their transformation into an ethno-religious group who could survive without a central Temple.

Israeli philosopher and Biblical scholar said “The exile is the watershed. With the exile, the religion of Israel comes to an end and Judaism begins.”This process coincided with the emergence of scribes and sages as Jewish leaders (see ).

Prior to exile, the people of Israel had been organized according to tribe. Afterwards, they were organized by smaller family groups. Only the tribe of continued in its temple role after the return.

After this time, there were always sizable numbers of Jews living outside; thus, it also marks the beginning of the ', unless this is considered to have begun with the. In, Babylon was one of a number of metaphors for the Jewish diaspora. Most frequently the term 'Babylon' meant the diaspora prior to the destruction of the.

The post-destruction term for the Jewish Diaspora was ', or '. Chronology The following table is based on Rainer Albertz's work on Israel in exile. (Alternative dates are possible.)YearEvent609 BCEDeath of609–598 BCEReign of (succeeded, who replaced Josiah but reigned only 3 months) Began giving tribute to Nebuchadnezzar in 605 BCE. First deportation, purportedly including.598/7 BCEReign of (reigned 3 months).Second deportation, 16 March 597597 BCEmade king of Judah by of Babylon594 BCEAnti-Babylonian conspiracy588 BCE. Destroyed.Third deportation July/August 587583 BCEthe Babylonian-appointed governor of assassinated.Many Jews flee to Egypt and a possible fourth deportation to Babylon562 BCERelease of Jehoiachin after 37 years in a Babylonian prison. He remains in Babylon539 BCEPersians conquer Babylon (October)538 BCEallows Jews to return to Jerusalem520–515 BCEReturn by many Jews to under and Joshua the High Priest.Foundations of laidSee also.